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Harry Potter’s Hogwarts Express isn’t the only train that uses platform 9 ¾.  There are other trains, similarly magical, that take their passengers to places they’ve never been.  Take project management training, for example.  Just like at Hogwarts, project managers are trained in a kind of wizardry, i.e. transforming the business experience of their clients from nothing more than a mere idea into something special. And those lucky enough to “receive their letter” to attend, must have honed ALL their skills in order to reach their final goal – being a productive and effective project manager. 

At Hogwarts, Harry takes classes like Divination, Transfiguration and Potions.  And although the names of the classes they take are very different, the content of the classes they take is very much the same. 

• Divination is the art of “seeing.”  A good project manager must indeed learn to read signs.  Is the project moving smoothly?  Is the client happy with progress and with process?  Are the employees on the project satisfied and therefore doing a good job?  Too often, these “signs” are definitely not clearly communicated.  They are often muddied, and it takes a good project manager to see them.
• Transfiguration is really about how to transform yourself.  During project management training, attendees will transform their natural business gifts – financial acumen, business savvy, and communication expertise – into a project manager who really knows how to wield those skills to benefit their customers, their employees, and their company. 
• Potions is a class on how to take seemingly dissimilar ingredients and turn them into a concoction which is business changing.  Take, for example, a handful of employees from various areas like a programmer, a writer, a financier, an administrator, a quality controller, and an executive – put them together into a cauldron-like project plan, and you have a new business process gaining efficiency, money, and time.  A potion any business would be proud of!

Another similarity between Harry Potter and those wishing to become effective project managers is natural skill.  Wizards aren’t made at Hogwarts, they are honed:  the young wizards who attend school already have the necessary abilities and project management is very much the same. 

One doesn’t become a project manager because of project management training;

one becomes a project manager because of their natural abilities refined at training.

Other than project management training, a good project manager must also have

Communication ability – exceedingly important!  Project management is not only completing and managing a Gantt chart, but effectively and efficiently communicating every portion of the project to every person involved … to their understanding.  The project manager is the translator of all things, so that each interested party is clear and satisfied.  A superhuman feat but one which good project managers achieve every day.

Business savvy – Someone who is good at business is just plain impressive.  Those who see ramifications outside of the project plan are the best at their jobs.  Project managers have an understanding beyond the project as to the impact to the surrounding business processes and how to structure a project to either improve or not negatively impact them.  It’s really knowing how to do your job in the project management box, but seeing and managing the effect outside of the box.

Experience – you just can’t teach experience!   People who have “been there, done that” and who then apply that experience to their projects are truly the most successful project managers.  And, to be clear, it’s not the same experience over and over, but broad experience garnered through years of accumulation.   

So how do you find out if your project management training was successful?  How do you know if you have what it takes to be a great project manager?  Just call our friends at Full Sail Partners (which could be considered the Hogwarts of Project Management).  Although they aren’t called that at Full Sail, you will have access to the likes of Professors Dumbledore and McGonagall – people who are sage, savvy, and just plain good at their jobs (oh, and really nice, too).  

Although project managers will probably never make the big screen success of Harry Potter.  They are, in fact, the real wizards working in our midst.  Their project management training has sharpened their skills to perform magic every day:  turning an idea into a project plan and then into something special for our businesses. 

Without the wand or robe, of course. Click your wand below to learn more. 

For years marketing professionals have been clamoring for a way to directly merge information from their Deltek Vision system to an InDesign template. For firms with Deltek Vision version 7.1 and higher, the wait is over! Creating InDesign Templates and merging information directly from Deltek Vision is simple, and is very similar to merging from Word, with some usability enhancement.  

Before we begin, you might be asking yourself, ‘What kind of functionality will InDesign merging include?’ To answer your question, we have highlighted some of the major areas below:

• Add fields and grids (including user defined!) to an InDesign template
• Format number, currency (projects only), and date fields in a template
• Merge data directly from an info center record into InDesign
• New ‘Select Projects’ function for Employee Resumes allows for more precise formatting of project examples on resumes within InDesign

So as you can see by the functionality, the ability to merge data directly from your Deltek Vision system to Adobe InDesign is going to allow your firm to easily deliver accurate, more consistent proposals through the industry standard desktop publishing software.

What exactly will we be able to merge?

If your information is in Vision, you can now export it out allowing your firm to merge the following documents from Deltek Vision to Adobe InDesign:

• Resumes
• Cover letters
• Project cut sheets
• References
• and much more from your Vision system 

Merge functionality includes the ability to pull information from tables, grids, custom Info Centers, and user defined fields.

What technical requirements are required?

In order to run a Deltek Vision merge to Adobe InDesign, you will need to be running a copy of Adobe InDesign CS5.5 or newer, installed on your local user directory. You will also need to be running a copy of Deltek Vision 7.1 or newer, with TDM enabled.

So what are the steps?

Setting up Deltek Vision to Adobe InDesign merge capabilities is surprisingly easy! The process requires five major steps, highlighted below.

1. Access the ‘Merge Templates’ section in Deltek Vision (Configuration>General>Merge Templates), this step may require you requesting additional privileges from your Vision administrator
2. Select the Info Center you would like this template to be associated to
3. Create or upload a new template. If creating a new template, please be aware that you will need to insert merge codes from the Vision Merge Code window
4. Open the ‘Custom Proposals’ Info Center, select the proposal you want to merge information out of, and link the new template to the merge function
5. Merge your information out of Vision!

So now that you know the basics of what Deltek Vision Adobe InDesign merge integration offers, we encourage you to get started. Should you or your team need further information, reach out to our team of CRM experts to assist. 

Have you ever tried to communicate a thought or idea to a group or team, and yet no matter how hard you try, you cannot get your point across? Like it or not, we have all been there. The cause for this breakdown in communication could be many different factors, but many times this breakdown is caused by a failure of fundamental best practices for team communication.

Let’s review four of the best practices for team communication that will get your team operating at full sail:

1. Responsibility is on the sender of the message, not the receiver! We live in a complex world, and most of us are juggling what feels like a hundred different things. This can often lead to us jumping from task to task, often leaving a tornado-like path in our wake. Next time, before you start forming the message for your co-worker or teammate, stop for a minute and organize your thoughts. If you are having a hard time keeping up with your train of thought, how do you expect someone else to follow it? As the communicator, it is incumbent on you to develop a coherent, easy to decipher message that has been received the way you intended.
   
   Think > Organize > Disseminate > Confirm
   
   
2. Cut out the noise. You may be sitting there saying “DUH!”, but honestly ask yourself, have you done this lately?
   
   Communication noise refers to influences (outside and internal) on communication that effect the interpretation of the conversation. Often over looked, communication noise can have a profound impact on both perception of interactions, and analysis of our own communication proficiency.
   
   Noise can be many factors ranging from psychological (stereotypes, biases), Physical (loud music, incessant background noise), physiological (preoccupied during conversation), or semantic (sender mumbles or uses jargon). In order to follow our best practices for team communication, we recommend identifying any potential noise before, during, and after a conversation, and addressing it immediately!
    
3. Haste makes waste. Rarely are our first ideas, our best ideas. Often times in the business world we will spend hours upon hours forming our thoughts and opinions about a subject, and then turn around and expect our peers to provide the same insight, only on the spot.
   
   In all fairness to your project team, you must provide your team with an environment that fosters thinking, collaboration, and open ideas. Failure to do so will cause even the most extroverted of individuals to crawl in to a shell, making their ability to interpret your message more difficult. Lack of creating an environment that fosters collaboration will lead to team members more worried about why you are asking a question, rather than what you are asking.
    
4. Listen, listen, listen! Did you know that we listen at a rate of 12-250 words per minute, but think at a rate of 1,000-3,000 words per minute? While impressive, this statistic is very scary! One of the biggest breakdowns in communication comes from lack of listening, both from the side of the sender, and the side of the receiver. If you, or your team, are too busy forming your opinion about what is being said, rather than listening to what is being said, you are doing your entire team a disservice. We have two ears and one mouth for a reason!
   
   Tip for better listening: If you are working behind a computer while having a conversation, do not ever open up your emails mid meeting. We all want to check that fresh email that just popped up in the corner of our screen, however by doing so you have effectively checked out of the conversation at hand.

We hope that you can apply these best practices for team communication, and improve the effectiveness of your team’s communication efforts. Agree or disagree with anything in this blog? Make sure to comment below and let us know your thoughts! 

Interested in improving team communication? Check out Deltek Kona, a new social collaboration tool. Deltek Kona is revolutionizing the way teams communicate!

It is a new year; everyone is feeling pumped and ready to tackle their goals! As a professional services manager nothing makes you more excited than seeing your team excited. Enthusiasm is not something we can reproduce, nor is it something we can bottle up. What we can do however is help sustain this enthusiasm and better help our staff in continuing working together as a team in 2014! 

So what exactly can we do to help sustain this new found enthusiasm? Ultimately it boils down to transitioning your staff from ‘coworkers’ to ‘teammates’. I like to refer back to the common TEAM acronym, Together Everyone Accomplishes More. By breaking down each part of the acronym, we can brainstorm on ways to improve your staff cohesion, and get them working together as a team in no time! 

Together:  One of the most important things you can do to get your staff working together as a team is to get everyone working on the same system. Often, individual departments are working on their own specialty software, which in the grand scheme of things keeps everyone stuck in their own box. This lack of overall perspective does not bode well for fostering a team atmosphere. 

However, some firms are in situations where it is not feasible to migrate the entire firm in to a singular system. In this case, I would recommend looking at other ways to collaborate and share data, such as setting up a Kona space or DropBox folder for projects. For more information regarding collaboration tools, read our recent blog on the 5 best collaboration tools. 

For professional services firms that are in a situation to leverage a fully integrated system, I encourage you to check out Deltek Vision, the leading ERP software providing professional services firms with a fully integrated system. We have countless resources explaining the benefits of Deltek Vision on our website – if your professional services firm is not currently leveraging the power of Vision, we encourage you to spend a few minutes learning more. 

Everyone:  In order to be successful as an organization, and as a team, you will need to have buy-in on everyone’s part. Your firm can invest in the world’s best software, and top of the line infrastructure, and none of it will mean anything if your staff does not buy-in. Every effort you lead should have a champion. Think of this person as a team captain for the project. This person will act as a resource, and will help keep assigned efforts on task. Without a champion, your effort is sure to lack overall direction and decrease in effectiveness. 

Accomplishes:  We have all heard the saying ‘keep your eye on the prize.’ So ask yourself, are you giving your team the ability to keep their eye on the prize? An important aspect of being a member of a team, is the ability to know that you are doing your part. To accomplish this, team members need goals, and they need ways of tracking these goals. By developing a set of core growth strategies and metrics your firm will be able to position itself to consistently surpass your competition. Additionally, you cannot understate the value of the sense of accomplishment your team gains from attaining small ‘wins’ along the way to the main goal. 

More:  To keep your staff enthusiastic, you need to be willing to challenge them. By expecting a level of professional growth out of each team member, you create an environment of development. Human beings by nature want to be challenged and engaged. 

We have all heard the saying ‘there is no me’ in team. This saying could not be any more true in the business place. While at times it may feel easier to do things in a vacuum, often times this is not the best strategy for the overall company.  You will often find that this team environment will foster new creative ideas, an increased industry perspective, and most importantly a continuing enthusiasm that can quickly spread to the rest of your staff. 

Pave the way to future growth and higher profitability by encouraging your co-workers to work together as a team. To encourage this behavior, consider how your firm can leverage integrating critical business processes. You will find that by doing so your firm can increase productivity, help control costs, and enable firm success. 

Hopefully by following the above advice your firm will operate more efficiently as a TEAM, and continue that new found enthusiasm. Respond in the comments section and let us know how your firm as transitioned from ‘coworkers’ to ‘teammates’ – we would love to hear your story!

What is forecasting? Forecasting is a tool that many professional services firms use to help management make decisions based on past and current data trends. 

There are two types of forecasting we will focus on in this article: 

1. Utilization forecasting
2. Cash flow forecasting

For professional services firms, forecasting starts with the analysis of the work that is yet to be performed and equating that to overall firm revenue. The revenue then becomes the basis for the accountant to project cash flows coming in, considering average day’s receivables, to drive what cash is available versus the cash required to cover current expenses.

Without these forecasts, it makes it much more difficult for management to schedule, staff, plan or perform the work in production that is necessary without them sitting up in bed at night on a regular basis. 

So let’s break the process down into steps and then focus on the key benefits of what is forecasting. 

1. To properly track utilizations, it is important to establish two budgeted figures, target utilization and available utilization. Both should be established for every staff person and documented by employee in your system.
   Definitions:

• Target Utilization is a function of the targeted billable hours over the standard hours in the work week.
• Available Utilization is a function of all available hours minus just the benefit hours.

One engineering firm we are working with used to post the labor utilization “curves” on their message board in their lunch room and it was measured against budgeted utilization for the year as a constant.  This singular graph showed what the firm was projecting for scheduled utilization against target and available which kept staff cognizant of both the need to schedule fully.  The graph also served as a tool for staff to promote billable hours against project deadlines.

From this data, management was able to see the most important single factor for the firm, how far out they were scheduled, and if they needed to adjust staff or move project timelines to increase project throughput.  Since labor costs against labor revenue is the single most influential impact on a firm’s bottom line, forecasting in this way had this firm’s management sleeping better, while it also empowered the firm’s staff to keep an eye on utilization. 

Since this level of tracking was in place at this particular firm, it also allowed their senior financial person to produce informative forecasts of revenue, which in turn, promoted the morale of everyone in the firm. 

To note, when the firm had many proposals out with the results tracking per the graph above, and the firm had the ability to look at un-scheduled but awarded professional service hours as well, they knew when staffing could not meet the demand of the impending work and were able to stage clients expectation with delivery dates or let HR know that hiring was needed on the horizon. 

So, is your firm enabling forecasting to better win work and deploy resources? If not, after reading this blog do you recognize the importance of implementing forecasting at your firm? I would forecast that the answer is “yes”!  

Full Sail Partners, a Deltek Premier Partner, is pleased to announce its recent hire of Stacey Ho, CPSM who will join the Full Sail team as a CRM Consultant. Within this role, Stacey will provide CRM consulting to Deltek Vision users. Her proven background supporting firms through CRM implementations and understanding of firm-wide marketing processes and procedures will ensure Full Sail Partners continues to provide clients with the most knowledgeable professionals the industry offers.

"I am excited to join the team and further support services marketers looking to connect and grow their firms,” said Stacey Ho, CPSM. “I love seeing my peers grow with firms by working smarter and loving their jobs more because they finally have more time to truly strategize and win good work. With Full Sail Partners well-rounded team it will allow me to take my knowledge and capabilities even further.”

Stacey Ho comes to Full Sail Partners with more than 15 years of experience in the A/E/C industry. Most recently, as the owner of Stacey Ho Marketing, LLC, she worked with clients as their Marketing Information Systems Strategist. In this role, Stacey was able to assist project-based firms elevate the role of the marketing team by helping them with processes and procedures to help achieve the firm-wide marketing plan. Further, she helped marketers to develop and implement internal systems and tools that can capture, store, and retrieve information useful in preparing sales proposals. Stacey has worked in various marketing positions in firms including Kennedy/Jenks Consultants, David Evans and Associates, and Century West Engineering.

Stacey Ho’s appointment comes shortly after the one year anniversary of Full Sail Partners. "As the economy rebounds, Full Sail Partners looks to assist our clients in the process of efficiently expanding their businesses," said Sarah Gonnella, Vice President at Full Sail Partners. "Stacey's depth of experience, leadership acumen, and track record of success are exactly what the company needs for its next major phase of growth."

For more information, please contact Full Sail Partners’ Marketing Communications Department at or leave a comment below.

For firms in the project-driven Professional Services industry, managing a defined set of tactical project management metrics is key to meeting strategic objectives.

Although it might seem efficient to have a single indicator of project success that measures the firm’s profit growth — for example, project profitability — there are pitfalls with such an approach. A better solution is to measure across a finite and efficient set of indicators that together track whether the firm is meeting its objectives, whether the specific goal relates to market penetration, service offering penetration or key account growth.

Project Management Metrics — collectively known as the Project Management KPI — fall into six major categories. One way to remember these categories is to use the acronym TRACQS. 

Is your project on TRACQS?

Time - How is the project tracking against schedule plans?

Keeping projects on schedule increases profit growth by lowering overhead and increasing labor margins. For example, when a project is off schedule and staff is reallocated it increases overhead to readjust the schedule may reduce realized utilization.

Metric calculation: Schedule Performance Index (SPI) = Earned Value of the work performed ÷ Planned Value of the work performed (to date).

Resources – Are we within anticipated limits of staff-hours spent?

Using staff and labor multipliers as budgeted is essential to maintaining project margins. When evaluating which resources to use, it is sometimes argued to use a more skilled person that will use fewer hours than a less experienced person. The thought is the margin will ended up the same. However, when this decision is made business development and client relations to do the production work can result in the firm’s backlog and pipeline suffering.

Metric calculation: Total Hours variance for budget vs. spent AND Labor Multiplier
Budgeted versus Labor Multiplier Attained.

Actions – Do we have action items outstanding or past due?

It may seem obvious, but without a metric tracking action items (completed, missed, and planned), project performance cannot be corrected. Maintaining visibility and monitoring deliverables can increase client satisfaction and reduce inefficient cycles of “catching the project up”.

Metric calculation: Number of project collaboration tasks that are past due.

Cost – How are we doing against the budget?

Monitoring this project performance metric provides direct insight into a firm’s profit growth.

Metric calculation: Cost Performance Index (CPI) = Budgeted Cost of the work performed ÷ Actual Cost of the work performed.  

Quality – Does client feedback indicate project success, or the need for correction?

On a regular basis, survey clients about results and milestones, based on meeting the client’s expectations to the deliverables.  There is little to no change that can affect the project, if you wait until the end of the project to conduct a survey, there is little to no change that can affect the project. A satisfied client results in more work (client retention), reference-ability (more clients) which are essential to firm growth.  

Metric calculation: A rating greater than X means quality, and anything less requires attention.

Scope – Is the scope staying within budget? If not, do we have authorization for variances
of planned from baseline?

Clearly define an agreed upon scope, the client’s role or responsibilities, and qualifying what constitutes a change in scope is an essential first step. When the scope has changed, documenting “why” will allow for margins to remain intact for
client requested change orders and allow management to take corrective action when the scope creep is due to the firm’s lack of performance to the initial scope.

Metric calculation: Comparing where planned exceeds baseline, and ensuring that original scope plus authorizations equal or exceed the estimate at completion.

Clearly, a firm needs to have mechanisms in place to measure these project management metrics. Almost as important, however, is finding a way to indicate variance from expected (budgeted) results in an easy-to-reference graphical format — e.g., blue for good, red for bad. Doing so will ensure that staff, project managers, and executives are all on the same page for tracking firm growth and responding to any obstacles or problems that may appear.

At the core of a project-based firm’s business is the need to monitor the progress of your projects. As Project Manager’s we are busy and we need quick, real-time information to help us steer our projects. Just as a dashboard in a boat identifies and provides feedback regarding the status of our voyage – the speed, the wind angle, the wind force, and the navigational direction – a dashboard can provide the same information about your project.

Specifically, a project KPI dashboard can examine some simple indicators that allow a project manager to gauge which project(s) need more attention.  They should be examined on a regular basis. 

What Project KPIs should I be looking at?

• Accounts Receivable - Overdue AR can be a warning sign for many problems including:  client dissatisfaction, overall project communication issues, and client insolvency (they can’t pay us if they have no money. . . should we be loaning them more money?).  Make sure your AR is in line with a Summary AR Dashboard Part and one for each individual project.  We recommend examining this Project KPI at least twice every billing cycle.

 Tip to Think About:  What is my outstanding AR?  Not only the amount, but how many days out is it? 

• Unbilled Labor – A large amount of unbilled labor is a serious risk not only to the project, but to general firm cash flow.  The company cannot get paid for it if it doesn’t get billed.  A Project Manager should monitor this Project KPI closely all the time, but especially after invoicing.  Make sure to avoid carrying large amounts of unbilled labor from billing cycle to billing cycle.

Tip to Think About:  How much labor is sitting on my project that has not been marked as billed?  In other words, have I been billing my project progress correctly?  

• Estimated to Complete (ETC) and/or Estimate at Completion (EAC) – These schedule based measures will help you determine not only if you are on budget, but if you will finish the project within the overall budget as well.  Compare the EAC to the overall budget and if it is greater, you may decide to either reduce future expenditures or accept the fact that you going to be over budget. 

 Tip to Think About:  How much more do I need to finish this Project?
 When over  budget, confirm that you didn’t forget to send out additional services  contracts. 

• Summary Key Performance Indicators - Above the project level, the measures are usually about Net Revenue, Utilization and Backlog.  By putting these Project KPIs on your Dashboard, you can improve your performance and make your boss look good too.

Tip to Think About:  What is your Boss being measured on?  How can you manage your   projects better with the use of Project KPIs to improve those Summary Key Performance   Indicators?

There may be other metrics your firm utilizes.  Share with us what you have on your project KPI dashboard.  Also, be sure to check out our past webinar: Get the Work Done.

There are shelves and shelves full of books — actually, entire libraries — that offer insights into business process management. There is a simple reason for this: it’s one of the most fundamental and effective ways to improve firm growth. 

So what areas are involved in a business process evaluation? At a very high level, it’s about answering the big questions needed to effectively guide your firm, such as: 

• Are business objectives appropriate?
• Are key policies and plans effective?
• Do results validate business strategy?

At a more granular level, this type of inquiry involves examining existing business processes to find pain points, bottlenecks and inefficiencies that could be improved. In this regard, it’s a process that every business can benefit from — but especially firms that are project-based, such as professional services firms. For these types of companies, the exercise can point to solutions for: 

• Streamlining business processes, minimizing redundancy and saving money
• Gaining insight into operational metrics you can’t currently see — such as work backlog, etc.
• Making better decisions on uses of internal resources, based on up-to-the-minute data

Choices in Approach

How you conduct this type of self-examination depends on your goals, resources and desired return on expense/effort. For example, it could be highly focused, with internal staff looking at one particular process in one section of your organization. Or it could involve examining complex processes spanning several separate parts of the organization, which might require using an external consultant. 

When Full Sail Partners begins any new engagement with a client, we typically start with a business process evaluation. Generally this involves understanding our client’s various front and back office processes — potentially, all processes along the project lifecycle, including: 

• Business development tracking
• Estimating and business capture
• Project management and project profitability
• Employee utilization and realization
• Billing, A/R and firm financial reporting
• TQM

To appreciate the impact of a business process evaluation, consider the case of one of our clients, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates (WJE), a 500-person firm based in Northbrook, Illinois. Along with the client’s initial concerns, our evaluation identified an inefficient paper-based process for initiating new projects that required anywhere from several hours to several days per project. Following our business process evaluation and implementation of a paperless process, (among other improvements), the client was able to reduce the required time to a few minutes per project. That efficiency gain, multiplied by the approximately 7,000 projects that WJE handles each year, resulted in $1.8 million annual savings, according to WJE’s Controller. 

There are other potential gains of a business process evaluation that are not directly tied to process efficiencies. For example, it can provide visibility to timely and accurate data that helps leadership make better business decisions. This was an additional gain from the project at WJE; principals were able to see clearly the potential conflicts of servicing a new client, allowing them to forego business development expenses and effort on a client that could not be serviced. 

Another example is gaining visibility into an organization’s work backlog — knowing exactly how much work is in the pipeline, and even more importantly, whether one has the staff on hand to do the work (and if not, specifically what type of staff are needed to fill the gaps). As a result, a firm can make better decisions about whom to hire (and when), and which projects to pursue. 

Evaluating ways to improve efficiency and effectiveness is an essential part of guiding an enterprise. Whether it’s performed internally in a very focused way, on a broader level by an external firm, or somewhere in between, it has the potential of allowing you to reexamine and reengineer your standard operating procedures and in turn, drive greater efficiency and visibility. Both capabilities are critical to consistently delivering value to your clients — and increasing profitability and firm growth.

Interested in a business process evaluation? Contact us to begin the process.

One of the most essential tools in project management is a Work Breakdown Structure, or WBS. The primary function of a WBS is to subdivide a project into more manageable components in terms of size, duration, and responsibility. By breaking a project down into smaller pieces it’s also easier to:

• Set measurable milestones for the project, and identify deliverables at the end of each phase that match up to the scope
• Allocate resources, complete scheduling and budgeting, manage procurement, maintain quality control, and manage risk
• Increase accountability by assigning individual responsibilities for each phase and task
• Know where you stand in terms of the total project (for example, are you 10% through the whole project, but 50% through the first phase?)

In short, the Work Breakdown Structure defines how you estimate, manage, and bill the project — and as a result, creating one should be priority one for every project.

Key design principles for an effective WBS

1. Account for 100% (no more, no less). One of the most important principles is that the WBS must include 100% of the work as defined by the project scope. It must also capture all internal, external, and interim deliverables, including project management, among the work to be completed. The rule applies at all levels within the hierarchy: the sum of the work at the most detailed level must equal 100% of the work represented by the combined total of the categories at the highest level. Another aspect of the rule is that the WBS should not include any work that is outside the actual scope of the project. 

2. Be mutually exclusive. There should be no overlap between two elements of a WBS in scope definition. Such an overlap could not only result in duplicated work or misunderstanding about responsibility and/or authority, but could also cause confusion in project cost accounting. One technique for avoiding this problem is to develop a WBS dictionary to clarify the differences between WBS elements and describe each in terms of milestones, deliverables, activities, scope, and other factors. 

3. Focus on outcomes, not actions. The best way to stick to the 100% rule is to define Work Breakdown Structure elements in terms of outcomes, as opposed to actions. This strategy ensures that the WBS is not overly prescriptive in terms of method, and therefore allows for more flexibility and creative thinking on the part of team members. In addition, a WBS that subdivides work by project phases (e.g. preliminary design phase, critical design phase, etc.) must clearly separate the phases by deliverables that define the entry and exit criteria (e.g. an approved preliminary or critical design review). 

4. Be detailed, but not too detailed. As useful as it is to divide work into smaller and more manageable elements, you also need to know when to stop. There are several ‘rules of thumb’ for determining appropriate activities or group of activities needed to produce a specific deliverable as defined by the WBS. The first is the “80 hour rule,” which cautions that no one activity or group of activities to produce a single deliverable should require more than 80 hours of effort. A second guideline is that no single activity or series of activities should take longer to complete than a reporting period. So, if your project team reports on its progress monthly, then no single activity or series of activities should be longer than one month long. 

5. Keep it simple. Creating three levels in your WBS hierarchy (e.g., Project, Phase and Task) should be enough. Avoid identifying labor or activity codes as WBS elements, even if you use them to describe labor detail on billing invoices or backup reports. In addition, it’s not necessary to make every phase balanced; just because one phase has a task doesn’t mean that all should.

Work Breakdown Structure: a blueprint for project management

When finished, a well-organized WBS resembles a flowchart in which every element is logically connected to another. The primary requirement or objective appears at the top, with increasingly specific elements appearing beneath it. The elements at the bottom of the diagram represent tasks and activities small enough to be easily understood and carried out. An effective WBS avoids redundancy, but at the same time, leaves out no critical elements. 

The bottom line is that a Work Breakdown Structure divides your project into distinct, manageable work elements. A WBS is useful to various groups within a company, including marketing, business development, accounting, and project management. A well-planned WBS is integral to successful project proposals, planning, scheduling, budgeting, and reporting.

Ready to learn more? Discover how an ERP system can benefit your firm by downloading our whitepaper.

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